Introduction
Cell division is one of the most important processes in biology. It is how living things grow, repair damaged tissues, and reproduce. Right now, billions of cells in your body are dividing to keep you alive.
But cell division is not random — it is a carefully organized process. Each step ensures that the new cells receive the correct genetic information to work properly.
There are two main types of cell division:
Mitosis – creates two identical cells for growth and repair.
Meiosis – creates four unique cells for reproduction.
1. The Cell Cycle
Before a cell divides, it goes through a series of stages called the cell cycle. This includes preparation and division stages.
Interphase – the cell grows, performs normal functions, and replicates its DNA.
M phase – mitosis and cytokinesis occur here.
2. Mitosis: Step-by-Step
Mitosis is the process that produces two genetically identical cells from one parent cell. It happens in several stages:
Prophase – chromosomes condense and spindle fibers begin to form.
Metaphase – chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.
Anaphase – sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.
Telophase – nuclear membranes reform around the chromosomes.
Cytokinesis – the cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating two separate cells.
3. Meiosis: How It Differs
Meiosis is different from mitosis because it involves two rounds of division, resulting in four non-identical cells with half the number of chromosomes.
4. Why Cell Division Matters
Without cell division, organisms could not grow, heal, or reproduce. Mistakes in cell division can cause cancer and other genetic problems.
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